The usage of stochastic and multicriteria decision-aid methods evaluating geothermal energy exploitation projects

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 93-98)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxı, 116 leavesThis study is based on three main questions about the utilization of geothermal energy. The first question is how much heat energy the geothermal resource contains? The second one is what the utilization alternatives are for this resource? And the last question is according to which criteria the scenarios formed by integration of the selected utilization alternatives in specified proportions could be assessed, and what the alternative schema obtained could be like? The method of forming a model by simulations, which is developed as an approach to the solutions of the problems that contain uncertain parameters, like what the heating capacities of the reservoirs are, is used in this study. A model is formed with parameters of the heating capacity of Balçova Geothermal Field by employing Monte Carlo Simulation Technique. Here the aim is to find the amount of the heating energy that could be exploited by sustainable way from the resource. Efforts are given to form the amount of this energy by the help of cumulative probability distribution of the model. It is emphasized what the estimated heating reserve and the alternatives that could be locally utilized. Here, parameters such as the enthalpy of the geothermal resource, content of the fluid, volume of the geothermal field, pattern of the settlement in the field, ability of the soil, topography and structure of the labor etc. should be considered in the light of reconnaissance and exploration studies done in the geothermal field. From the assessment done for Balçova, it is concluded that geothermal resource could be utilized for heating of the dwellings, greenhouse agriculture, thermal tourism and dehydration of fruit and vegetable. Having determined the utilization schema of the geothermal resource, the issue of the assessment of the scenarios, which will be formed from these alternatives, comes up. Here begins the decision making process with a political aspect. By determining the criteria that will be considered while selecting the scenarios, and by determining the relative weights of this criteria, an order which shows the desired situation between the scenarios could be obtained. In this study, the scenarios formed in Balçova are assessed by the help of PROMETHEE method .one of the Multicriteria Decision aid Technique. As a result, it is seen that in Balçova tourism related scenarios stand out because of their superiority in employment created and Tons of Petroleum Equivalent energy values

An indexing model for stormwater quality assessment: stormwater management in the Gold Coast

In the age of climate change and rapid urbanisation, stormwater management and water sensitive urban design have become important issues for urban policy makers. This paper reports the initial findings of a research study that develops an indexing model for assessing stormwater quality in the Gold Coast

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Making space for knowledge generation and place for knowledge communities: An analysis of the Australian practice

In the era of global knowledge economy, urban regions—seeking to increase their competitive edge, become destinations for talent and investment, and provide prosperity and quality of life to their inhabitants—have little chance achieving their development goals without forming effective knowledge-based urban development strategies. This paper aims to shed light on the planning and development processes of the knowledge-based urban development phenomenon with respect to the construction of knowledge community precincts aimed at making space for knowledge generation and place for knowledge communities. Following to a thorough review of the literature on knowledge-based urban development and strategic asset-based planning, the paper undertakes policy and best practice analyses to learn from the planning and development processes of internationally renowned knowledge community precincts—from Copenhagen, Eindhoven and Singapore. In the light of the analyses findings, this paper scrutinises major Australian knowledge community precinct initiatives—from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane—to better understand the dynamics of national practices, and benchmark them against the international best practice cases. The paper concludes with a discussion on the study findings and recommendations for successfully establishing space and place for both knowledge economy and society in Australian cities

The integrated land use and transportation indexing model : assessing the sustainability of the Gold Coast, Australia

Urban sustainability and sustainable urban development concepts have been identified as the ultimate goal of many contemporary planning endeavours and have become central concepts on which the urban development policies are formulated. In the confinement of these concepts, land use and transport integration has been highlighted as one of the most important policy objectives considering the interrelationship between them and available intervention means of planning. While its interpretation varies, in Australia, it has been embraced as integration of land use and transport planning/policies and been an integral part of regional and local plans. Accordingly, a number of principles have been defined to guide its implementation, to name a few, planning for compact and connected urban development, encouraging active transport modes, creation of mixed-use activity centres and public transport precincts, provision of high quality public transport services, and enhancing character and amenity of urban areas. However, there is lack of an evaluation framework to measure the extent of achievement of implementation of these principles. In pursuit of filling this gap, this study aims to devise an evaluation framework to measure the performance of urban settings according to the integration principles in South East Queensland, Australia context and to demarcate problematic areas which can be intervened by planning tools..

Developing a sustainability assessment model: the sustainable infrastructure, land-use, environment and transport model

Measuring the comparative sustainability levels of cities, regions, institutions and projects is an essential procedure in creating sustainable urban futures. This paper introduces a new urban sustainability assessment model: “The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-use, Environment and Transport Model (SILENT)”. The SILENT Model is an advanced geographic information system and indicator-based comparative urban sustainability indexing model. The model aims to assist planners and policy makers in their daily tasks in sustainable urban planning and development by providing an integrated sustainability assessment framework. The paper gives an overview of the conceptual framework and components of the model and discusses the theoretical constructs, methodological procedures, and future development of this promising urban sustainability assessment model

An indexing model for assessing stormwater quality in the Gold Coast

In the era of climate change sustainable urban development and in particular provision of sustainable urban infrastructure has become a key concept in dealing with environmental challenges. This paper discusses issues affecting stormwater quality and introduces a new indexing model that is to be used in evaluation of the stormwater quality in urban areas. The model has recently been developed and will be tested in a number of pilot projects in the Gold Coast, one of the fastest growing and environmentally challenged cities of Australia

The usage of stochastic and multicriteria decision-aid methods evaluating geothermal energy exploitation projects

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 2005Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 93-98)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxı, 116 leavesThis study is based on three main questions about the utilization of geothermal energy. The first question is how much heat energy the geothermal resource contains? The second one is what the utilization alternatives are for this resource? And the last question is according to which criteria the scenarios formed by integration of the selected utilization alternatives in specified proportions could be assessed, and what the alternative schema obtained could be like? The method of forming a model by simulations, which is developed as an approach to the solutions of the problems that contain uncertain parameters, like what the heating capacities of the reservoirs are, is used in this study. A model is formed with parameters of the heating capacity of Balçova Geothermal Field by employing Monte Carlo Simulation Technique. Here the aim is to find the amount of the heating energy that could be exploited by sustainable way from the resource. Efforts are given to form the amount of this energy by the help of cumulative probability distribution of the model. It is emphasized what the estimated heating reserve and the alternatives that could be locally utilized. Here, parameters such as the enthalpy of the geothermal resource, content of the fluid, volume of the geothermal field, pattern of the settlement in the field, ability of the soil, topography and structure of the labor etc. should be considered in the light of reconnaissance and exploration studies done in the geothermal field. From the assessment done for Balçova, it is concluded that geothermal resource could be utilized for heating of the dwellings, greenhouse agriculture, thermal tourism and dehydration of fruit and vegetable. Having determined the utilization schema of the geothermal resource, the issue of the assessment of the scenarios, which will be formed from these alternatives, comes up. Here begins the decision making process with a political aspect. By determining the criteria that will be considered while selecting the scenarios, and by determining the relative weights of this criteria, an order which shows the desired situation between the scenarios could be obtained. In this study, the scenarios formed in Balçova are assessed by the help of PROMETHEE method .one of the Multicriteria Decision aid Technique. As a result, it is seen that in Balçova tourism related scenarios stand out because of their superiority in employment created and Tons of Petroleum Equivalent energy values

Sustainable urban and transport development for transportation disadvantaged: a review

Around the world, particularly in North America and Australia, urban sprawl combined with low density suburban development has caused serious accessibility and mobility problems, especially for those who do not own a motor vehicle or have access to public transportation services. Sustainable urban and transportation development is seen crucial in solving transportation disadvantage problems in urban settlements. However, current urban and transportation models have not been adequately addressed unsustainable urban transportation problems that transportation disadvantaged groups overwhelmingly encounter, and the negative impacts on the disadvantaged have not been effectively considered. Transportation disadvantaged is a multi-dimensional problem that combines demographic, spatial and transportation service dimensions. Nevertheless, most transportation models focusing on transportation disadvantage only employ demographic and transportation service dimensions and do not take spatial dimension into account. This paper aims to investigate the link between sustainable urban and transportation development and spatial dimension of the transportation disadvantage problem. The paper, for that purpose, provides a thorough review of the literature and identifies a set of urban, development and policy characteristics to define spatial dimension of the transportation disadvantage problem. This paper presents an overview of these urban, development and policy characteristics that have significant relationships with sustainable urban and transportation development and travel inability, which are also useful in determining transportation disadvantaged populations

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CONDUCTION IN MULTI-LAYERED ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Bu çalışmada, elektronik cihazların işlevi açısından hayati önemi haiz olan çiplerdeki ısı iletimi sayısal olarak hem iki boyutlu hem de üç boyutlu incelenmiş ve aktiflik oranına göre 2 W ila 15 W arasında çalışan bir çip için oluşan maksimum sıcaklıklar irdelenmiştir. Ticari hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) programları olan Fluent'le zamana bağlı ve yatışmış şartlarda sıcaklıkların değişimi incelenmiş, sıcaklık dağılımları elde edilmiş ve Ansys kullanılarak ısıl gerilme ve gerinme analizi yapılmıştır. Örnek olarak ele alınan çipin, 2 μm altın ve 0,4 mm silikon olan iki tabakadan oluştuğu ve 1,5 mm x 1,5 mm boyutlarında olduğu düşünülmüştür. Taban sıcaklığının 300 K'de sabit tutulduğu, yan yüzeyler hem yalıtılmış hem de doğal konveksiyon sınır şartlarında, iki farklı durum için inceleme yapılarak sıcaklık dağılımları kontur grafikleri olarak verilmiştir. Sonuçların, malzemenin güvenilirliğini etkileyecek sınırlarda olup olmadığı ortaya konulmuş ve altının ya da silikon malzemenin kalınlığında yapılan değişikliklerin ve altın yerine bakır kullanılmasının sistemde oluşan maksimum sıcaklığa ve dağılıma etkileri araştırılmıştır. Silikon malzemenin kalınlığının artması sonucunda maksimum sıcaklığın arttığı, üst yüzey malzemesi olarak altın yerine bakır kullanıldığında ise elde edilen maksimum sıcaklıklar çok yakın değerlerde fakat daha yüksek oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların çip üretici firmaların bilgisayarlar için yaptıkları sıcaklık testlerinin sonuçları ile uyuştuğu gözlenmiştir.In this study, the conduction in the chip, which is the main part of an electronic system, was investigated in both two and three dimensional model and the maximum temperatures were calculated between 2 W and 15 W power due to system activeness. Temperatures are calculated for both steady-state and unsteady conditions using computational fluid dynamics program Fluent and Ansys program is used for deformation, stress and strain analyses. Sample chip is considered to be composed of two layers; one is 2 μm gold, and the other is 0,4 mm silicon The chip has 1,5 mm x 1,5 mm dimensions. Two different cases are taken into account for the problem. The first one is the sides are considered to be adiabatic, and bottom face is held at 300 K and the second one is natural convection is considered on the sides and the bottom face is held at 300 K. For both two cases heat distribution is stated as contour graphics. Results were examined if they had an affect on the reliability. The affects of changes in the thicknesses of each layer, and copper usage instead of gold, in the maximum temperatures and also in the distribution is investigated. It is seen that maximum temperature increases due to thicker silicon layer. And for the copper usage instead of gold the maximum temperature is calculated, just a little bit higher. Compared to the producer test data it was seen that results were compatible